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Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an emerging zoonotic virus that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and presents clinical symptoms similar to those of smallpox, such as fever and vesicular-pustular skin lesions. However, the differential diagnosis between smallpox and monkeypox is that smallpox does not cause lymphadenopathy but monkeypox generates swelling in the lymph nodes. Since the eradication of smallpox, MPXV has been identified as the most common Orthopoxvirus to cause human disease. Despite MPXV being endemic to certain regions of Africa, the current MPXV outbreak, which began in early 2022, has spread to numerous countries worldwide, raising global concern. As of the end of May 2023, over 87,545 cases and 141 deaths have been reported, with most cases identified in non-endemic countries, primarily due to human-to-human transmission. To better understand this emerging threat, this review presents an overview of key aspects of MPXV infection, including its animal reservoirs, modes of transmission, animal models, epidemiology, clinical and immunological features, diagnosis, treatments, vaccines, and prevention strategies. The material presented here provides a comprehensive understanding of MPXV as a disease, while emphasizing the significance and unique characteristics of the 2022 outbreak. This offers valuable information that can inform future research and aid in the development of effective interventions.
RESUMO
Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is involved in inflammatory pathways that are associated with the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as well as an increased risk of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This research aimed to evaluate the potential association of the genetic variants -717T>C, 1444G>A, and 1846 C > T of CRP gene on CRP levels, ACS, and T2DM in participants from Western Mexico. Methods: Six hundred three participants were studied: (1) control group (CG); (2) ACS participants classified as unstable angina (UA), myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI), and myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI); (3) T2DM Participants; and (4) ACS plus T2DM participants (ACS+T2DM). Genetic variants were genotyped using allelic discrimination with TaqMan® probes, and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) was measured by Turbidimetry. Results: TAC haplotype frequency was significantly higher in ACS+T2DM versus CG and versus ACS participants (odds ratio [OR] = 2.774, P = 0.017 and OR = 3.479, P = 0.020, respectively). hs-CRP levels were especially higher for ACS and for ACS+T2DM participants with respect to CG and T2DM (with P < 0.0001). We observed higher hs-CRP levels in NSTEMI and STEMI versus UA in ACS scenario (P = 0.001, P = 0.027, respectively) and for ACS+T2DM scenario (P = 0.0001, P = 0.002, respectively). Conclusion: hs-CRP level fluctuations are related to the presence of T2DM and the presence and severity of ACS. Very high levels (>10 mg/L) are a risk marker of cardiovascular complications. Our results demonstrate a possible relationship between TAC haplotype and an increased risk for T2DM and ACS.
